Ecosystems as infrastructure

Ecosystems as infrastructure

Infrastructure is usually defined as all elements of interrelated systems that provide goods and services essential to enabling, sustaining or enhancing societal living conditions. Although traditionally, infrastructure included only all human-made assets, since the 1980s, both scientists and conservationists have suggested that ecosystems should be also considered as a type of infrastructure. ...

The ecology and evolution of constructed ecosystems as green infrastructure

Green infrastructure consists of ecosystems that provide valuable services to urban areas. Constructed ecosystems, including green roofs, bioretention systems, constructed wetlands and bioreactors are artificial, custom-built components of green infrastructure that are becoming more common in cities. Small size, strong spatial boundaries, ecological novelty and the role of human design characte...

Helminthic Parasites as Heavy Metal Bioindicators in Aquatic Ecosystems

Abstract         Heavy metals have raised one of the most important problems in ecology and organisms life especially human being and animals. A variety of indicators including tissues of fish, birds and sediment have been used recently to measure the aquatic pollution with heavy metals. The aim of this study was to search the published articles in Iran a...

Ecosystems, Infrastructure, and the Use of Economics to Influence Decisionmaking

Ecosystems as Complex Systems